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Sigma Institute of Pharmacy, Sigma University, Vadodara
Dermatitis was a broad term used to represent a range of common illnesses characterized by itchy skin irritation. However, the term eczema is frequently used interchangeably with dermatitis, despite the fact that it refers to atopic eczema. Dermatitis results from a complex interaction of environmental, immunological, and genetic factors. Another prevalent factor that contributes to dermatitis is a family history of the ailment, which might enhance an individual's chances of having it. Certain genetic differences may cause the skin to overreact to environmental stimuli. Dermatitis can take many various forms, each with its own set of traits and triggers. Dermatitis can be classified into several categories, including atopic, contact, seborrheic, and nummular. The report was intended to discuss the types, causes, symptoms, and management.
Dermatitis, sometimes known as eczema, is a prevalent skin disorder affecting millions of individuals around the world. It is characterized by skin inflammation, which causes redness, itching, and discomfort. Dermatitis can take many different shapes and severity levels, and it can have a substantial influence on one's quality of life. Dermatitis results from a complex interaction of environmental, immunological, and genetic factors. Another prevalent factor that contributes to dermatitis is a family history of the ailment, which might enhance an individual's chances of having it. Certain genetic differences may cause the skin to overreact to environmental stimuli [2]. Dermatitis is a common, long-lasting inflammatory inflammation of the skin with a variety of signs and symptoms. It explains the peculiarities of a specific skin condition. Also known as an eczema. Most disease episodes (80%) begin in childhood or early childhood, with the balance occurring later in life. The worldwide incidence is between 2% and 10% in adults and 2.7% to 20% in youngsters. [3]
Image No 1: Image of Dermatitis
Pathophysiology of Dermatities:
Mostly affected to the skin protective barrier. The skin barrier gets damaged. Skin barrier is getting week and the allergens enter to the body through the skin. The outer layer of skin which is epidermis is normally protects our body from the allergents such as dust, other chemicals and germs. When this layer gets weak or damaged because of some harmful chemicals or allergents the harmful substances can easily enter to the skin. Once these types of substances are enter into the body, the immune system in which (T-cells) are present they can identify them as a harmful and it gets staan inflammatory reaction.so that can release of such chemicals like, histamine, cytokines and prostaglandins. after these chemicals introduce into the body reactions such as swollen, itchy skin, redness are occur. If exposure continues for a long time, the skin becomes thick, dry and scaly due to continuous inflammation. [4]
Symptoms:
White people are more likely to have dry, cracked, and scaly skin.
• Rash on swollen skin, color varies based on skin color.
• Blisters, possibly with oozing and crusting.
• Dandruff.
• Thickened skin.
• Small, raised pimples are more common on brown or black skin.
Causes of Dermatitis
To comprehend eczema and its etiology, it is necessary to recognize the distinctions between healthy skin and skin afflicted by eczema. The skin comprises a thin, protective outer layer (the stratum corneum), a superficial layer containing skin cells (the epidermis), a middle layer (the dermis), and a deep layer of adipose tissue. Every layer of the skin comprises adipose tissue, epidermal cells, and moisture, all of which contribute to the protection and preservation of skin health. [5] Healthy skin cells are plumped with water, creating a protective barrier against infection and harm. Fats and oils in the skin help the body regulate temperature, prevent hazardous substances or bacteria from entering the body, and allow the skin to retain moisture. The exterior skin cells are like bricks, while the fats and oils in the skin are like mortar that holds everything together and acts as a seal. This means that skin cells attract and retain water, while fats and oils aid in this process [6].
Treatment of Dermatitis: [4,5]
Dermatitis medication differs by its severity and type, but usually involves topical medication, modification of habits, and measures to self-care. Treatment include glucocorticoid cream, gel, or ointment. In creams or ointments, use hydrocortisone as well as clobetasol, neomycin sulfate
clotrimazole.
Clostar-Gm,
Terbinaforce-Plus NF Cream
Clop-gm neo cream
Light therapy, commonly referred to as phototherapy, is a further possibility. Exposing the itching to controlled levels of artificial or natural light.
Image no 2: clop-gm neo cream
LITERATURE REVIEW:
Reported HPLC Method of clobetasol propionate:
|
Sr. No |
Title |
Description |
Ref No |
|
1. |
Development and Validation of a Fast RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Clobetasol Propionate in Topical Nanocapsule Suspensions |
Mobile phase – methanol-water (80:20 v/v) Stationary phase- Λmax – 241 nm Linearity- 5.0–40.0 µg/mL
|
6 |
|
2. |
HPLC determination of clobetasol propionate in cosmetic products |
Mobile phase – water-acetonitrile (40:60, v/v) Stationary phase- 5 μm Purospher-Lichrocart column Λmax – 237 nm Linearity- 0.1-2 µg/mL |
7 |
|
3. |
A Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Nadifloxacin and Clobetasol Propionate In Its Pharmaceutical Dosage Form |
Mobile phase – Acetonitrile: Water (50:50) (%v/v) Stationary phase- C18 Shim pack XR ODS II column Λmax – 242 nm Linearity- 1-12 µg/mL |
8 |
|
4. |
A novel HPLC-UV method for determination of chlorocresol, clobetasol propionate and miconazole nitrate in cream with environmental impact assessment |
Mobile phase – Buffer (0.05 M KH2PO4 sol.): Methanol (32:68, v/v) Stationary phase- Agilent C8 (150 mm length × 4.6 mm ID, 5 μm particle size) column. Λmax – 223 nm Linearity- R2 ∼ 0.9999 |
9 |
|
5. |
Forced degradation studies of clobetasol 17-propionate in methanol, propylene glycol, as bulk drug and cream formulations by RP-HPLC |
Mobile phase – methanol: water (68:32 v/v) Stationary phase- Nova-Pak® 4 μm C18 150 mm × 3.9 mm id cartridge column Λmax – 239 nm Linearity- 0.15–15 μg mL−1 |
10 |
Reported HPLC Method of Neomycin sulphate:
|
Sr. No |
Title |
Description |
Ref No |
|
1. |
Qualitative Analysis of Neomycin in Virtue of HPLC Estimation |
Mobile phase – (Methanol: buffer; 60:40) Stationary phase- C18 column Λmax – 290 nm Linearity- 10-60μg/mL |
11 |
|
2. |
Green RP-HPLC Stability-Indicating Assay Method for Neomycin Sulfate in the Veterinary Formulation |
Mobile phase – (Methanol: buffer; 60:40) Stationary phase- Kromasil C18(w) Λmax – 210 nm Linearity- 40-200 µg/mL. |
12 |
|
3 |
Determination of neomycin and related substances in pharmaceutical preparations by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and charged aerosol detection |
Mobile phase – (water, methanol and heptaflurobutyric acid) Stationary phase- C18 Hypersil® Gold aQ column Λmax – 210 nm Linearity- 500 μg ml−1 |
13 |
|
4 |
Stability indicating method development and validation of Beclomethasone dipropionate and Neomycin sulphate Ointment using HPLC with microbial assay.
|
Mobile phase - ACN: WFI: Methanol: Glacial Acetic Acid: Triethylamine (55: 40: 5: 1: 0.1 v/v) Stationary phase- Kromosil C18, 5µ, 15cm x 4.6mm column Λmax – 235 nm Linearity- 5-15 μg ml−1 |
14 |
Reported HPLC Method of clotrimazole:
|
Sr. No |
Title |
Description |
Ref No |
|
1 |
development and validation of stability indicating hplc method for clotrimazole lozenges formulation |
Mobile phase – (Methanol in (25:75 v/v %) Stationary phase- Gracemart C18 (250mm×4.6mm, 5μ) column Λmax – 215 nm Linearity- 0.5 to 60 µg/mL |
15 |
|
2 |
Development and validation of HPLC method for determination of clotrimazole and its two degradation products in spray formulation
|
Mobile phase -acetonitrile and water (65:35, v/v) Stationary phase- .5 μm Zorbax® SB-Phenyl column (75 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., Agilent Technologies). (250mm×4.6mm, 5μ) column Λmax – 210 nm Linearity- 0.1-2 µg/mL |
16 |
|
3
|
Development and validation of a reversed-phase HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of clotrimazole and beclomethasone dipropionate in lotion and cream dosage form |
Mobile phase - acetonitrile-water (70:30, v/v) Stationary phase-. Kromasil C18 Λmax – 254 nm Linearity- 0.1-2 µg/mL
|
17 |
|
4 |
Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Beclomethasone Dipropionate and Clotrimazole |
Mobile phase - ammonium acetate: acetonitritle (10:90 v/v) Stationary phase-. Hi Q Sil C18 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column Λmax – 223 nm Linearity- 10-60 μg/ml |
18 |
Reported UV Method of clobetasol propionate
|
Sr. No |
Title |
Description |
Ref No |
|
1. |
Development and validation of UV spectrophotometric method for quantitative estimation of clobetasol 17-Propionate |
Solvent- Ethanol λmax- 239 nm Linearity- 2 to 40 μg/ml |
19
|
|
2. |
spectrophotometric determination of clobetasol propionate in pharmaceutical preparations and environmental samples |
Solvent- Methanol: Water (80:20) (v/v) was used as a solvent λmax- 240 nm Linearity- 2.5 -30 μg/ ml |
20
|
|
3. |
formulation and evaluation of ethosomes of clobetasol propionate |
Solvent- Methanol Λmax- 239 nm Linearity- 1-30 μg/ml |
21
|
|
4. |
combination effect of luliconazole and clobetasol for treatment of skin ailments |
Solvent-Methanol Λmax- 312 nm Linearity- 5-25 μg/ml |
22 |
Reported UV Method of Neomycin sulphate
|
Sr. No |
Title |
Description |
Ref No |
|
1. |
Indirect determination of neomycin by derivative spectrophotometry |
Solvent- methanol λmax- 277 nm Linearity- 0.102-0.510 µg/mL |
23 |
|
2. |
Study Self-association, Optical Transition Properties and Thermodynamic Properties of Neomycin Sulfate Using UV-Visible Spectroscopy |
Solvent- distilled water
Prachi Parmar*, Dalwadi Mitali, Patil Priyanka, Rathva Charulata, Comprehensive Review on Clobetasol Propionate, Neomycin Sulphate, Clotrimazole As Topical Preparation: Role in Dermatitis, Int. J. Med. Pharm. Sci., 2026, 2 (1), 191-198. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18277201 |
Prachi Parmar*
10.5281/zenodo.18277201